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The Young Ottomans ((トルコ語:Yeni Osmanlılar)〔The Turkish name ''Yeni Osmanlılar'' literally means "New Ottomans", but the translation "Young Ottomans" is traditional.〕) were a secret society established in 1865 by a group of Ottoman Turkish intellectuals who were dissatisfied with the Tanzimat reforms in the Ottoman Empire, which they believed did not go far enough. Young Ottomans sought to transform Ottoman society by preserving the empire and modernizing along the European tradition of adopting a constitutional government. Though the Young Ottomans were frequently in disagreement ideologically, they all agreed that the new constitutional government should continue to be somewhat rooted in Islam to emphasize "the continuing and essential validity of Islam as the basis of Ottoman political culture."〔Finkel 2006, p. 475.〕 Among the prominent members of this society were writers and publicists such as İbrahim Şinasi, Namık Kemal, Ali Suavi, Ziya Pasha, and Agah Efendi. In 1876, the Young Ottomans had their defining moment when Sultan Abdülhamid II reluctantly promulgated the Ottoman constitution of 1876 ((トルコ語:Kanûn-u Esâsî)), the first attempt at a constitution in the Ottoman Empire, ushering in the First Constitutional Era. Although this period was short lived, with Abdülhamid ultimately suspending the constitution and parliament in 1878 in favor of a return to absolute monarchy with himself in power,〔Finkel 2006, p. 489-490.〕 the legacy and influence of the Young Ottomans continued to endure until the collapse of the empire. Several decades later, another group of reform-minded Ottomans, namely the Young Turks, repeated the Young Ottomans' efforts, leading to the Young Turk Revolution in 1908 and the beginning of the Second Constitutional Era. ==Prominent figures== The prominent leaders and ideologists behind the Young Ottomans movement included: * Writers and publicists: * * İbrahim Şinasi (1826–1871), founded the newspaper ''Tasvir-i Efkâr'' ("Illustration of Thoughts") in 1862 and imparted editorship of it to Namık Kemal in 1865〔Zürcher 2004, p. 67-68.〕 * * Namık Kemal (1840–1888), one of the founding members of the Young Ottomans in 1865 and publisher of many opposition newspapers; helped draft the constitution〔Zürcher 2004, p. 398.〕 * * Ziya Pasha (1825–1880), former secretariat of the palace who had been pressured out of his position and published newspapers in France with Namık Kemal〔Zürcher 2004, p. 406.〕 * * Ali Suavi (1838–1878), a teacher and preacher with religious training who edited the newspaper ''Muhbir'' ("Reporter")〔 * * Mehmed Bey, a lead reformer and one of the founding members of the Young Ottomans;〔Mardin 2000, p. 12.〕 nephew of Mahmud Nedim Pasha, a future grand vizier * Political figures: * * Midhat Pasha (1842–1910), Ottoman prime minister (grand vizier) and reformer who drafted and implemented the constitution〔Ágoston 2008, p. 378-379.〕 * * Mustafa Fazl Pasha (1842–1910), brother to the viceroy of Egypt and grandson of Muhammad Ali of Egypt, principal benefactor and supporter of the Young Ottomans after formally organizing them in 1867 in Paris〔Zürcher 2004, p. 69-70.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Young Ottomans」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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